BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH

Title
Professor
Indiana University, School of Optometry
(June, 1981 - Dec. 1991)

Vital Statistics
Born, Kyoto, Japan; married Ritsuko Miyama 1960
four children; five grandchildren

Education

Research and Professional Experience

• 1961 - 1962 Rotating Internship, Osaka University Hospital, Osaka, Japan.
• 1962 - 1963 Residency in General Surgery and Anesthesiology, Osaka University Hospital, Osaka, Japan.
• 1963 - 1966 Residency in Neurosurgery and Clinical Neurophysiology (Special Trainee Program, M.D., Ph.D.), Osaka University Hospital and Osaka University of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
• 1966-1969 Assistant Research Anatomist, Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, UCLA, California.
• 1969 - 1970 Assistant Professor, Department of Neurophysiology, Max-Planck Institute for Psychiatry, Munich, West Germany.
• 1970 - 1971 Assistant Professor, Department of Neurophysiology, Institute for Higher Nervous Activity, Osaka, Japan.
• 1971 - 1976 Assistant Research Anatomist, Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, UCLA, California.
• 1976 - 1981 Adjunct Professor, Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, UCLA, California.
• 1981 - 1991 Professor, Department of Visual Science, School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana.
• 1986 - 1991 Professor, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana.

Professional Societies

• Society for Neuroscience
• American Association for Advancement of Science
• Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology
• International Brain Research Organization

Professional Services

Publications

• Noda, H. (1965) An interrelation between the lenticular nuclei of both sides. Med. J. Osaka Univ. 16: 19-61. (Research Paper).

• Kamikawa, K., Noda, H., Miyagawa, S., Mogarni, H. and Jinnai, D. (1967) Nonspecific projection system of the thalamus and bilateral motor control of subcortical nuclei. Confin. Neurol. 29: 112-116. (Research Paper).

• Noda, H. and Iwama, K. (1967) Unitary analysis of retino-geniculate response time in rats. Vision Res. 7: 205-213. (Research Paper).

• Noda, H., Manohar, S. and Adey, W.R. (1967) The activity of neurons in cat globus pallidus following cortical and subcortical stimulation. Physiologist. 10: 264. (Abstract).

• Noda, H., Manohar, S. and Adey, W.R. (1968) Responses of cat pallidal neurons to cortical stimuli. Exp. Neurol. 20: 585-610. (Research Paper).

• Noda, H. and Adey, W.R. (1969) Changes in neuronal activity in association cortex of the cat in relation to sleep and wakefulness. Brain Res. 19: 263-275. (Research Paper).

• Noda, H., Manohar, S. and Adey, W.R. (1969) Spontaneous activity of cat hippocampal neurons in sleep and wakefulness. Exp. Neurol. 24: 217-231. (Research Paper).

• Noda, H., Manohar, S. and Adey, W.R. (1969) Correlated firing of hippocampal neuron pairs in sleep and wakefulness. Exp. Neurol. 24: 232-247. (Research Paper).

• Noda, H. and Adey, W.R. (1970) Firing of neuron pairs in cat association cortex during sleep and wakefulness. Brain Res. 18: 513-526. (Research Paper).

• Noda, H. and Adey, W.R. (1970) Firing variability in cat association cortex during sleep and wakefulness. J. Neurophysiol. 33: 672-684. (Research Paper).

• Noda, H., Freeman, R.B.Jr. and Creutzfeldt, O.D. (1970) Neuronal correlates of stimulus orientation and retinal motion, and their binocular interaction in the visual cortex of chronic cats. Brain Res. 24: 558. (Research Paper).

• Noda, H., Creutzfeldt, O.D. and Freeman, R.B.Jr. (1971) Binocular interaction in the visual cortex of awake cats. Exp. Brain Res. 12: 406-421. (Research Paper).

• Noda, H., Freeman, R.B.Jr. and Creutzfeldt, O.D. (1971) Neuronal responses to stationary and moving targets in the visual cortex of awake cats. J. Physiol. Soc. Jap. 33: 491. (Abstract).

• Noda, H., Freeman, R.B.Jr. and Creutzfeldt, O.D. (1971) Neuronal responses in the visual cortex of awake cats to stationary and moving targets. Exp. Brain Res. 12: 389-405. (Research Paper).

• Creutzfeldt, O.D., Noda, H. and Freeman, R.B.Jr. (1972) Neurophysiological correlates of eye movements in the visual cortex. In: Cerebral Control of Eye Movements and Motion Perception. Eds. E. Bizzi and J. Dichgans. pp. 199-206. Karger: Basel. (Research Paper).

• Manohar, S., Noda, H. and Adey, w.R. (1972) Behavior of mesencephalic reticular neuronsin sleep and wakefulness. Exp. Neurol. 34: 140-157. (Research Paper).

• Noda, H. and Adey, W.R. (1972) Effects of saccadic image motion on the geniculostriate system of chronic cats. Abstr. Soc. Neurosci. 2: 232. (Abstract).

• Noda, H., Freeman, R.B.Jr. and Creutzfeldt, O.D. (1972) Neuronal correlates of eye movements in the visual cortex of the cat. Science 175: 661-664. (Research Paper).

• Noda, H., Tamaki, Y. and Iwama, K. (1972) Binocular units in the lateral geniculate nucleus of chronic cats. Brain Res. 41: 81-99. (Research Paper).

• Adey, W.R. and Noda, H. (1973) Influence of eye movements on geniculostriate excitability in the cat. J. Physiol. 235: 805-821. (Research Paper).

• Noda, H. and Adey, W.R. (1973) Excitability changes of lateral geniculate cells following saccadic eye movements of chronic cats. Abstr. Soc. Neurosci. 3: 300. (Abstract).

• Noda, H. and Adey, W.R. (1973) Neuronal activity in the association cortex of the cat during sleep, wakefulness and anesthesia. Brain Res. 54: 243-259. (Research Paper).

• Noda, H. and Adey, W.R. (1973) Activity of optic tract units during spontaneous eye movements in the cat. ARVO '73: 64. (Abstract).

• Noda, H. and Adey, W.R. (1974) Excitability changes in cat lateral geniculate cells during saccadic eye movements. Science 183: 543-545. (Research Paper).

• Noda, H. and Adey, W.R. (1974) Retinal ganglion cells of the cat transfer information on saccadic eye movements and quick target motion. Brain Res. 70: 340-345. (Research Paper).

• Noda, H. and Adoy, W.R. (1974) Responses of cat LGN cells to saccadic eye movement and moving visual pattern. ARVO '74: 87. (Abstract).

• Noda, H. and Iwama, K. (1974) Behavior of cortical neurons during both sleep and barbiturate anesthesia. In: The effect of Anesthetics in the central Nervous System. Ed. K. Mori. pp. 37-66. Little Brown: Boston. (Review Article).

• Noda, H. (1975) Discharges of relay cells in lateral geniculate nucleus of the cat during spontaneous eye movements in light and darkness. J. Physiol. 250: 579-593. (Research Paper).

• Noda, H. (1975) Sustained and transient discharges of retinal ganglion cells during spontaneous eye movements of cat. Brain Res. 84: 515-529. (Research Paper).

• Noda, H. (1975) Depression on the excitability of relay cells of lateral geniculate nucleus following saccadic eye movements in the cat. J. Physiol. 249: 87-102. (Research Paper).

• Noda, H. and Asoh, R. (1976) Discharges of monkey flocculus units in eye movements. Abstr. Soc. Neurosci. 2: 115. (Abstract).

• Kase, M. and Noda, H. (1977) Purkinje cell activity in eye movement and fixation in the monkey vermis. Abstr. Soc. Neurosci. 3: 57. (Abstract).

• Noda, H. (1977) Processing of eye movement signals in monkey flocculus. Abstr. Soc. Neurosci. 3: 60. (Abstract).

• Noda, H. and Asoh, R. (1977) Eye movements and floccular units in the monkey. Proc. Internat. Union Physiol. Soc. 27: 553. (Abstract).

• Noda, H., Asoh, R. and Shibagaki, M. (1977) Floccular unit activity associated with eye movements and fixation. In: Control of Gaze by Brain Stem Neurons. Eds. R. Baker and A. Berthoz. pp. 371-380. Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press: Amsterdam-New York. (Research Paper).

• Kase, M. and Noda, H. (1978) Late burst Purkinje cells activety in the vermis during eye movemints. Abstr. Soc.Neurosci. 4: 164. (Abstract).

• Noda, H. (1978) Role of the flocculus in eye movements and fixation. Abstr.3rd Internat. Congr. Eye Res. P. 233. (Abstract).

• Noda, H. (1978) Discharges of visual neurons in eye movements. In: Frontiers in visual science. Eds. S. J. Cool and E. L. I. Smith III. pp. 425-436. Springer-Verlag: Berlin-Heidelberg-New York. (Research Paper).

• Noda, H. and Suzuki, D.A. (1978) Purkinje cell activity in the monkey flocculus during smooth pursuit eye movements. Abstr. Soc. Neurosci. 4: 167. (Abstract).

• Kase, M. and Noda, H. (1979) Discharges of vermal Purkinje cells in smooth pursuit eye movement. ARVO '79: 262. (Abstract).

• Kase, M., Noda, H., Suzuki, D.A. and Miller, D.C. (1979) Target velocity of visual tracking in vermal Purkinje cells of the monkey. Science. 205: 717-720. (Research Paper). 5 Hiroharu Noda

• Noda, H. and Suzuki, D.A. (1979) The role of the flocculus of the monkey in saccadic eye movements. J. Physiol. 294: 317-334. (Research Paper).

• Noda, H. and Suzuki, D.A. (1979) The role of the flocculus of the monkey in fixation and smooth pursuit eye movements. J. Physiol. 294: 335-348. (Research Paper).

• Noda, H. and Suzuki, D.A. (1979) Processing of eye movement signals in the flocculus of the monkey. J. Physiol. 294: 349-369. (Research Paper).

• Suzuki, D.A., Kase, M. and Noda, H. (1979) Visual and pursuit eye movement signals in the monkey vermis. Abstr. Soc. Neurosci. 5: 107. (Abstract).

• Warabi, M., Noda, H. and Ishii, N. (1979) Effect of retinal image motion upon Purkinje cell activity during smooth pursuit eye movements. Abstr. Soc. Neurosci. 5: 108. (Abstract).

• Kase, M., Miller, D.C. and Noda, H. (1980) Discharges of Purkinje cells and mossy fibres in the cerebellar vermis of the monkey during saccadic eye movements and fixation. J. Physiol. 300: 539-555. (Research Paper).

• Suzumura, N. and Noda, H. (1980) Concurrent and quantitative evaluation of neuronal activity and e ye movement signals in behavioral experiments. EEG Clin. Neurophysiol. 50: 523-526. (Research Paper).

• Warabi, T. and Noda, H. (1980) Modulation of floccular Purkinje cell activity during movement of visual environment in monkeys. In: Visual Mechanisms in Primates and Lower Animals. Eds. P.O. Bishop, O.D. Creutzfeldt, B.B. Lee and R.W. Wurtz. Springer-Verlag. (Abstract).

• Noda, H. (1981) Visual mossy fiber inputs to the flocculus of the monkey. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 374: 465-475. (Research Paper)

• Noda, H., Ishii, N., Warabi, T. and Suzumura, N. (1981) Quantitative analysis of position and velocity components of floccular Purkinje cell activity during smooth pursuit eye movements. In: Progress in Ocuomotor Research.. Eds. A. Fuchs and W. Becker. pp.503-508. Elsevier/North Holland Biomedical Press: New York-Amsterdam. ( Research Paper).

• Suzuki, D.A., Noda, H. and Kase, M. (1981) Visual and pursuit eye movement-related activity in posterior vermis of monkey cerebellum. J. Physiol. 46: 11201139. (Research Paper).

• Belknap, D., Noda, H. and Ohno, M. (1982) Eye movements evoked by microstimulation in the flocculus of the macaque. Abstr. Soc. Neurosci. 8: 830. (Abstract).

• Noda, H. and Warabi, T. (1982) Eye position signals in the flocculus of the monkey during smooth-pursuit eye movements. J. Physiol. 324: 187-202. (Research Paper).

• Belknap, D., Noda, H. and Ohno, M. (1983) Unit activity and responses to microstimulation in the macaque flocculus during smooth pursuit eye movements. Abstr. Soc. Neurosci. 9: 609. (Abstract).

• Ohno, M., Noda, H., Fujikado, T. and BeLknap, D. (1983) Visual input fibers in the macaque flocculus. Abstr. Soc. Neurosci. 9: 609. (Abstract).

• Fujikado, T. and Noda, H. (1984) Oculomotor responses to microstimulation of the posterior cerebellar vermis in the monkey. Abstr. Soc. Neurosci. 10: 752. (Abstract).

• Fujikado, T. and Noda, H. (1984) Eye movements in response to microstimulation of the posterior vermis of macaque monkeys. ARVO '84: 184. (Abstract).

• Noda, H. (1984) Visually guided eye movements. In: Structure and Function of the Brain. Eds. H. Oomura, H. Shimazu and M. Ito. pp. 222-239. IgakuShoin: Tokyo. (Review Article).

• Noda, H., Tamaki, Y., Murakami, S. and Fujikado, T. (1984) Oculomotor responses to microstimulation of the fastigial nucleus in the monkey. Abstr. Soc. Neurosci. 10: 753. (Abstract).

• Ohno, M., Noda, H. and Fujikado, T. (1984) Responses of mossy fibers in the flocculus of the macaque monkeys to movements of visual patterns. ARVO '84: 229. (Abstract).

• Murakami, S., Noda, H., Warabi, T. and Aso, T. (1985) Direction of saccadic eye movements elicited by microstimulation of the pre- and postsynaptic components of fastigial neurons. Abstr. Soc. Neurosci. 11: 1034. (Abstract).

• Noda, H. and Fujikado, T. (1985) Oculomotor responses to microstimulation of the posterior vermis following kainic acid injection. ARVO '85: 48. (Abstract).

• Noda, H., Murakami, S. and Aso, T. (1985) Effect of bicuculline on saccadic eye movements elicited by microstimulation of the pre- and postsynaptic components of fastigial neurons. Abstr. Soc. Neurosci. 11: 1033. (Abstract).

• Noda, H. (1986) Microstimulations of the posterior vermis elicit saccadic eye movements by activating Purkinje cells. In: Developments in Oculomotor Research. P. 59. ( Abstract).

• Noda, H. (1986) Mossy fibres sending retinal-slip, eye, and head velocity signals to the flocculus of the monkey. J. Physiol. 379: 39-60. (Research Paper).

• Noda, H. and Mikami, A. (1986) Discharges of neurons in the dorsal paraflocculus of monkeys during eye movements and visual stimulation. J. Neurophysiol. 56: 1129-1146. (Research Paper).

• Noda, H. and Murakami, S. (1986) Effect of perturbations induced by fastigial microstimulations on visually-guided saccadic movements in monkeys. Abstr. Soc. Neurosci. 12: 459. (Abstract).

• Noda, H. and Murakami, S. (1986) Effect of cerebellar stimulation in visually-guided saccadic eye movements. ARVO '86: 59. (Abstract).

• Noda, H. and Warabi, T. (1986) Discharges of Purkinje cells in monkey's flocculus during smooth-pursuit eye movements and visual stimulus movements. Exp. Neurol. 93: 390-403. (Research Paper).

• Roberts, D.K., Noda, H. and Hafner, G. (1986) Effect of parafoveal microlesion made with an argon laser on smooth-pursuit eye movements of monkeys. ARVO '86: 156. (Abstract).

• Roberts, D.K. and Noda, H. (1986) Effect of the microlesion made with an argon laser on smooth-pursuit eye movements of monkeys. Exp. Neurol. 93: 631-641. (Research Paper).

• Warabi, T., Noda, H. and Kato, T. (1986) Effect of aging on sensorimotor functions of eye and hand movements. Exp. Neurol. 92: 686-697. (Research Paper).

• Warabi, T., Noda, H., Yanagisawa, N., Tashiro, K. and Shindo, R. (1986) Changes in sensorimotor functions associated with the degree of bradykinesia of Parkinson's disease. Brain 109: 1209-1224. (Research Paper).

• Yamada, J. and Noda, H. (1986) Afferent and efferent connections of the oculomotor cerebellar vermis in the monkey. Abstr. Soc. Neurosci. 12: 457. (Abstract).

• Belknap, D.B. and Noda, H. (1987) Eye movements evoked by microstimulation from various cortical layers in the flocculus of the alert macaques. Exp. Brain Res. 67: 352-362. (Research Paper).

• Fujikado, T. and Noda, H. (1987) Sasccadic eye movements evoked by microstimulation of lobule VII of the cerebeller vermis of macaque monkeys. J. Physiol. 394: 573594. (Research Paper).

• Noda, H. and Fujikado, T. (1987) Topography of the oculomotor area of the cerebellar vermis in macaques as determined by microstimulation. Neuroscience Supp to 22: S633. ( Abstract).

• Noda, H. and Fujikado, T. (1987) Topography of the oculomotor area of the cerebellar vermis in macaques as determined by microstimulation. J. Neurophysiol. 58: 359-378. (Research Paper).

• Noda, H. and Fujikado, T. (1987) Involvement of Purkinje cells in evoking saccadic eye movements by microstimulation of the posterior cerebellar vermis of monkeys. J. Neurophysiol. 57: 1247-1261. (Research Paper).

• Noda, H. and Murakami, S. (1987) Effect of fastigial microstimulation upon visually evoked saccades in monkeys. In: The olivocerebellar system in motor control. P.31 ( Abstract).

• Noda, H. and Warabi, T. (1987) Responses of Purkinje cells and mossy fibres in the flocculus of t he monkey during sinusoidal movements of a visual pattern. J. Physiol. 387: 611-628. (Research Paper).

• Noda, H., Warabi, T. and Ohno, M. (1987) Response properties and visual receptive fields of climbing and mossy fibers terminating in the flocculus of the monkey. Exp. Neurol. 95: 455-471. (Research Paper).

• Yamada, J. and Noda, H. (1987) Afferent and efferent connections of the oculomotor cerebellar vermis in the macaque monkey. J. Comp. Neurol. 265: 224-241. (Research Paper).

• Ikeda, Y., Sugita, S., Noda, H. and Paallysaho, Y. (1988) Topographical organization of inferior olivary projections to deep cerebellar nuclei in macaque. Abstr. Soc. Neurosci. 14: 494. (Abstract).

• Noda, H., Murakami, S., Yamada, J., Tamaki, Y. and Aso, T. (1988) Saccadic eye movements evoked by microstimulation of the fastigial nucleus of macaque monkeys. J. Neurophysiol. 60: 1036-1052. (Research Paper).

• Sugita, S., Noda, H., Ikeda, Y. and Paallysaho, Y. (1988) Efferent projections from the oculomotor region of the macaque fastigial nucleus as studied by anterograde transport of HRP. Abstr. Soc. Neurosci. 14: 493. (Abstract).

• Ikeda, Y., Noda, H. and Sugita, S. (1989) Olivocerebellar and cerebelloolivary connections of the oculomotor region of the fastigial nucleus in the macaque monkey. J. Comp. Neurol. 284: 463-488. (Research Paper).

• Noda, H. and Ikeda, Y. (1989) Pathways of axons of oculomotor neurons in the fastigial nucleus of macaque monkey. Abstr. Soc. Neurosci. 15: 239. (Abstract).

• Ohtsuka, K. and Noda, H. (1989) Discharges of fastigial neurons during saccadic eye movements in the monkey. Abstr. Soc. Neurosci. 15: 239. (Abstract).

• Sugita, S., Paallysaho, J. and Noda, H. (1989) Topographical organization of the olivocerebellar projection upon the posterior vermis in the rat. Neurosci. Res. 7: 87-102. (Research Paper).

• Chioran, K. and Noda, H. (1990) Directionally selective effect of oculomotor vermis stimulation on visually guided saccadic eye movements in macaque monkeys. ARVO '90: 531. (Abstract).

• Noda, H., Ikeda, Y., Sugita, S. and Bennett, J.W. (1990) Does the output from fastigial oculomotor region carry information concerning oblique saccades or each vector oftheirdirections? ARVO'90:530. (Abstract).

• Noda, H., Sugita, S. and Ikeda, Y. (1990) Afferent and efferent connections of the oculomotor region of the fastigial nucleus in the macaque monkey. J. Comp. Neurol. 302: 330-348. (Research Paper).

• Ohtsuka, K. and Noda, H. (1990) Saccadic-burst discharges of neurons in the fastigial oculomotor region of macaques. ARVO '90: 531. (Abstract).

• Ohtsuka, K. and Noda, H. (1990) Direction-selective saccadic-burst neurons in the fastigial oculomotor region of the macaque. Exp. Brain Res. 81: 659-662. (Research Paper).

• Ohtsuka, K., Noda, H., Sato, H., Nagasaka, Y. and Noda, R. (1990) Direction specific Purkinje-cell activity in the oclomotor vermis during targeting saccades. Abstr. Soc. Neurosci. 16: 900. (Abstract).

• Paallysaho, J., Sugita, S. and Noda, H. (1990) Cerebellar corticonuclear and nucleocortical projections in the vermis of posterior lobe of the rat as studied with anterograde and retrograde transport of WGA-HRP. Neurosci. Res. 8: 158178. (Research Paper).

• Sato, H. and Noda, H. (1990) Double-labeling neurons in fastigial oculomotor region of macaques following fluorescent-dye injection to PPRF and MRF regions. ARVO '90: 531. (Abstract).

• Sato, H., Noda, H., Ohtsuka, K., Nagasaka, Y. and Noda, R. (1990) Topographical segregation of vestibular and saccadic neurons in the posterior cerebellar vermis of macaques. Abstr. Soc. Neurosci. 16: 900. (Abstract).

• Warabi, T., Inoue, K., Noda, H. and Murakami, S. (1990) Recovery of voluntary movement in hemiplegic patients. Correlation with degenerative shrinkage of the cerebral peduncles in CT images. Brain 113: 177-189. (Research Paper).

• Murakami, S., Noda, H. and Warabi, T. (1991) Converging eye movements evoked by microstimulation of the fastigial nucleus of macaque monkeys. Neurosci. Res. 10: 106-117. (Research Paper).

• Noda, H. (1991) Cerebellar control of saccadic eye movements: Its neural mechanisms and pathways. Jap. J. Physiol. 41: 351-368. (Review Article).

• Noda, H., Murakami, S. and Warabi, T. (1991) Effects of fastigial stimulation upon visually-directed saccades in macaque monkeys. Neurosci. Res. 10: 188199. (Research Paper).

• Ohtsuka, K. and Noda, H. (1991) The effect of microstimulation of the oculomotor vermis on discharges of fastigial neurons and visually-directed saccades in macaques. Neurosci. Res. 10: 290-295. (Research Paper).

• Ohtsuka, K. and Noda, H. (1991) Saccadic burst neurons in the oculomotor region of the fastigial nucleus of macaque monkeys. J. Neurophysiol. 65: 1422-1434. (Research Paper).

• Paallysaho, J., Sugita, S. and Noda, H. (1991) Brainstem mossy fibre projections to lobule VIa, VIb,c, VII and VIII of the cerebellar vermis in the rat. Neurosci. Res. 12: 217-231. (Research Paper).

• Sato, H. and Noda, H. (1991) Divergent axon collaterals from fastigial oculomotor region to mesodiencephalic junction and paramedian pontine reticular formation in macaques. Neurosci. Res. 11: 41-54. (Research Paper).

• Sugita, S. and Noda, H. (1991) Pathways and terminations of axons arising in the fastigial oculomotor region of macaque monkeys. Neurosci. Res. 10: 118-136. (Research Paper).

• Noda, H., Sato, H., Ikeda, Y. and Sugita, S. (1992) Fastigiofugal fibers encoding horizontal and vertical components of saccades as determined by microstimulation in monkeys. Neurosci. Res. 13: 163-173. (Research Paper).

• Sato, H. and Noda, H. (1992) Saccadic dysmetria induced by transient functional decortication of the cerebellar vermis. Exp. Brain Res. 88: 455-458. (Research Paper).

• Sato, H. and Noda, H. (1992) Posterior vermal Purkinje cells in macaques responding during saccades, smoothpursuit, chair rotation and/or optokinetic stimulation. Neurosci. Res. 12: 583-595. (Research Paper).

• Kenji Ohtsuka, Hitoshi Sato, and Hiroharu Noda (1994) Saccadic Burst Neurons in the Fastigial Nucleus Are Not Involved in Compensating for Orbital Nonlinearities. Journal of Neurophysiology. 71: 1976-1980. (Research Paper).