IU School of Optometry Continuing Education
The Diagnostic Dilemma of Optic Nerve Elevation

Take Home Message/References

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Take home message . . .

  • It is critical for the clinician to determine true vs pseudopapilledma to avoid missing a serious condition as well as unnecessary testing.

  • It is critical for the clinician to carefully rule out other optic nerve conditions (i.e., congenital or acquired) prior to initiating treatment for glaucoma-based on "glaucoma-like" visual field defects.

References

  1. Alexander LJ. Primary Care of the Posterior Segment. McGraw-Hill, 2002:209-315.
  2. Auw-Haedrich, Staubach F, Witschel H. Optic Disk Drusen. Survey of Ophthalmology 2002; 47:515-32.
  3. Azar D, Azar N, et al. Manual of Ocular Diagnosis and Therapy. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2002:376-80.
  4. Giovanni J. Papilledema, Emedicine2001; www.emedicine.com/oph/topic187.htm.
  5. Kanski JJ. Clinical Ophthalmology A Systemic Approach. Butterworth-Heinemann, 2003:613-16.
  6. Wilkins J, Pomeranz H. Visual Manifestations of Visible and Buried Optic Disc Drusen. Journal of Neuro-Ophtalmologgy 2004;24(2):125-129.
  7. Hordines H. Optic Nerve Head Drusen Causing Disc Hemorrhage and Disc Edema, Clinical Eye and Vision Care1999; 11(2):109-13.
  8. Byrne S, Green R. Ultrasound of the Eye and Orbit. Mosby, 2002:434-37.
  9. Kurz-Levin M, Landau K. A Comparison of Imaging Techniques for Diagnosing Drusen of the Optic Nerve Head. Archives of Ophthalmology 1999; 117: 1045-49.
  10. Sullu Y, Yildiz L. Submacular Surgery for Choroidal Neovascularization Secondary to Optic Nerve Drusen. American Journal of Ophthalmology 2003;136(2): 367-70.
  11. Schuman J, Puliafito C. Optical Coherence Tomography of Ocular Diseases. Slach Incorporated, 2004: 611-51.
  12. Roh S, Noecker R, Schuman J. Effect of Optic Nerve Head Drusen on Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness. Ophthalmology 1998;105(5): 878-885.
  13. Ocakoglu O, Ustundag C. Long Term Follow-Up of Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness in Eyes with Optic Nerve Head Drusen. Current Eye Research 2003; 26(5):277-80.
  14. Purvin V, King R, Yee R. Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy in Eyes with Optic Disc Drusen. Archives of Ophthalmology 2004;122:48-53.
  15. Piccone M, Piltz-Seymour J. Coexisting Optic Nerve Head Drusen and Glaucoma. Ophthalmology 1998;105(5):761-62.
  16. Yen M., Thyroid Ophthalmopathy. Emedicine 2004; www.emedicine.com/radio/topic485.htm .
  17. Frischman, et al. Management of Hypertensive Urgencies and Emergencies. Therapeutic Review 1995;35:747-762.
  18. Allen ED, Byrd SE, Darling CF, et al. The clinical and radiological evaluation of primary brain tumors in children. Part I: Clinical Evaluation. J Natl Med Assoc. 1993;85:445-451.
  19. Miller N, Newman N, ed. The Essentials: Walsh & Hoyt's. Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 5th ed. Baltimore, Md: Williams & Wilkins; 1999:172-195.
  20. Hedges TR III, Legge RH, Peil E, et al. Retinal nerve fiber layer changes and visual field loss in idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Ophthalmology. 1995;102:1242-1247.
  21. Brodsky MC, Vaphiades M. Magnetic resonance imaging in pseudotumor cerebri. Ophthalmology. 1998;105:1686-1693
  22. Purvin V, Kawaski A, Yee R. Papilledema in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Arch Ophthalmol. 2000;118:1626-1630.

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URL: http://www.opt.indiana.edu/ce/ondx/ref.htm
Revised: July 9, 2007
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