Notes:

So what does a typical pupil map look like? The answer is that it tends to be highly irregular and ideosyncratic, as shown here for 4 different people. To get these pupil maps we corrected any ordinary defocus and astigmatism that the eye might have had so that we could concentrate on the irregular, higher-order aberrations.

The three most remarkable features of these maps are:

(1) they are all different,

(2) the surfaces change smoothly, not abruptly,

(3) the maximum difference between peak and valley of these surfaces is only about 1 micro-meter, which is equivalent to about 2 wavelengths of light. Although 2 wavelengths of light would be unacceptably large in a quality, manufactured lens, it is little short of miraculous that a biological lens could have such high quality.